![]() However, how these ancient seals were used remains to be uncovered as it is only starting from the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC) of the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) that there is an increase in the quantity of Chinese seals paired together with textual references to them. 1046 BC) and were discovered at archaeological sites at Anyang. The earliest known examples of seals in ancient China date to the Shang dynasty ( c. Throughout Chinese history, seals have played an important part and are known to have been used both by government authorities and private individuals for thousands of years. History Origin legends and early history ![]() Even today, Japanese citizens' companies regularly use name seals for the signing of a contract and other important paperwork. The Japanese emperors, shōguns, and samurai had their personal seals pressed onto edicts and other public documents to show authenticity and authority. In Japan, seals, referred to as inkan ( 印鑑) or hanko ( 判子), have historically been used to identify individuals involved in government and trading from ancient times. In the western world, Asian seals were traditionally known by traders as chop marks or simply chops, a term adapted from the Hindi chapa and the Malay cap, meaning stamp or rubber stamps. The word 印 ("yìn" in Mandarin, "in" in Japanese and Korean, "ấn" and "in" in Vietnamese) specifically refers to the imprint created by the seal, as well as appearing in combination with other morphemes in words related to any printing, as in the word "印刷", "printing", pronounced "yìnshuā" in Mandarin, "insatsu" in Japanese. Ĭhinese seals are typically made of stone, sometimes of metals, wood, bamboo, plastic, or ivory, and are typically used with red ink or cinnabar paste ( Chinese: 朱砂 pinyin: zhūshā). Various countries in these regions currently use a mixture of seals and hand signatures, and, increasingly, electronic signatures. Of Chinese origin, the process soon spread beyond China and across East and Southeast Asia. On documents they were usually used to print an impression using a pigmented paste or ink, unlike the wax impression commonly used in Europe. ![]() Ìn-kàm or tô͘-chiong / tô͘-chiang or ìn-chiong / ìn-chiangĪ seal, in an East and Southeast Asian context, is a general name for printing stamps and impressions thereof which are used in lieu of signatures in personal documents, office paperwork, contracts, art, or any item requiring acknowledgement or authorship. 徐永裕印 Xú Yǒngyù yìn, rotating characters meaning "Seal of Xú Yǒngyù") ![]()
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